Introduction
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) was developed by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan in 1985. Self-determination is an important concept in psychology that refers to the willingness of each person to make decisions and control their own life. Self-Determination Theory can be used to understand how engagement can be fostered, such as participation in activities. It can be extended to a wide variety of fields, including education, wellness, employment and parenthood.
The theory is made up of two sub-theories: Cognitive Evaluation Theory and Organismic Integration Theory.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Cognitive Evaluation Theory states that in order to be psychologically healthy, we would have to meet three needs: competence, autonomy and relatedness. The fulfillment of one or two needs is not sufficient to achieve motivation for behavior change.
The need for competence is to be able to gain mastery of tasks and to be able to use and enhance one’s capacity.
The need for autonomy is to allow people to experience self-direction and personal endorsement.
The need for relatedness requires close emotional bonds and attachment to be established. The desire to be part of a group.
What is the difference between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is the act of doing something without a obvious external reward, such as interest and enjoyment.
Extrinsic motivation is the act of doing something to earn a reward or avoid punishment, such as grades or incentives.
Do note that, you can be both intrinsic and extrinsic motivated. So why is it important? Intrinsic motivation is significant as it can contribute to improved learning. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation may have negative implications on intrinsic motivation.
Organismic Integration Theory
Organismic Integration Theory proposes that motivations to exercise can differ across a spectrum of self-determination.
(6) Non-regulation(amotivation) is when no initiative is taken or just going through the motion.
Example: The student is a high-flyer in their profession and sees no reason to pursue further studies in a different field.
(5) External-regulation(extrinsic motivation) happens when people are motivated by an external cause, such as earning a reward or avoiding punishment.
Example: The student studies in order to avoid getting punished.
(4) Introjected regulation(extrinsic motivation) comes when people are driven by guilt, concern or embarrassment.
Example: The student stays for extra classes to show competence.
(3) Identified regulation(extrinsic motivation) awards a conscious value to a behavior in order to achieve its goal.
Example: The student willingly take optional classes to increase the chances of entering the ideal school.
(2) Integrated regulation(extrinsic motivation) is a form of motivation that occurs when it reflects core values and to satisfy personal goals.
Example: The student signs up for voluntary work because he thinks it aligns with his core values.
(1) Intrinsic regulation(intrinsic motivation) is when the activity is enjoyable.
Example: The student who spends long hours playing computer games.
